The charm of marine tourism in Southeast Asia lies not only in its natural beauty but also in its unique cultural richness. Tourists can explore traditional fishing villages, learn about the coastal communities' way of life, and enjoy fresh seafood from marine commodities. However, this marine biodiversity is slowly facing significant threats.
While some countries have tried to introduce regulations on sustainable fisheries to address overfishing, climate change poses another significant challenge to coastal communities. One commodity affected by climate change is seaweed cultivation. In seaweed farming, the impact of climate change is felt in growth rates, which are highly dependent on water temperature. Temperature changes can also make seaweed more vulnerable to diseases, ultimately leading to a decrease in production.
A decline in seaweed production, which is a vital raw material in various industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, can result in a decrease in the additional income of coastal communities. Furthermore, it can also impact the country's foreign exchange earnings, as seaweed is an export commodity.
The Philippines remains one of the top eucheumatoid seaweed producers worldwide. In 2023, the industry produced around 1.6 million metric tons of fresh seaweed, resulting in 228,570 metric tons of seaweed products with a total value of P12.7 billion pesos (approximately USD 218.60 million) However, the industry has faced a decline in production due to health problems such as "ice-ice" disease, epiphytic pests, and grazing issues. These problems have significantly reduced biomass yields and compromised carrageenan quality.
Conservation efforts have been made to mitigate this issue through Enhanced Philippine Seaweed Development Program (EPSDP) which aims to promote sustainable seaweed production, improving post-harvest practices, and enhancing market access. The program also focuses on community empowerment and innovation to ensure the long-term sustainability of the industry
The Rise and Fall of Fakfak Papuan Seaweed Farmers
This decline of seaweed production is also occurring in Fakfak Regency, West Papua. In Kokas, which was previously a center for seaweed production, this status is no longer held due to the difficulty of obtaining seaweed seeds and harvest failures, as the crops are affected by the "ice-ice" disease.
Realizing the potential that seaweed farming can bring, Abdul Halik Golaf, a 63-year-old farmer from the region, along with the Eryanak Seaweed Farmer Group, which was formed in March 2024, is trying to revive seaweed farming in Kokas.
To do so Eryanak farmer group is collaborating with Kaleka, a national non-profit research organization that works with farmers, fishers, and forest-dependent communities so they can cultivate in a way that benefits nature and people by establishing a seaweed seed nursery. The process began with the formation of the group until the establishment of a nursery (floating cages and moorings) at three points, as well as the procurement of approximately 300 kg of Eucheuma cottonii seaweed seeds from Tual, Maluku.
Golaf explained, "The Eryanak Seaweed Farmer Group was initially formed because seaweed began to disappear from Kokas waters due to several factors such as the ice-ice disease and changes in water quality. Since no farmers had successfully re-cultivated it, our group built a seed nursery to produce and provide seeds suitable for the current conditions of Kokas waters."
The obstacle previously faced by this group was the unavailability of high-quality seaweed seeds for seaweed farmers in their village. This highlights the importance of establishing a seed nursery that is expected to provide seaweed varieties proven to survive in the water conditions of Kokas.
"We carry out the seed enlargement activity in this seaweed nursery in Sisir Village and Sekar Village, Kokas District, using the longline method. This is done by cultivating seaweed in the water column (euphotic zone) near the water surface using ropes stretched from one point to another with a minimum length of 25 - 100 meters," said Venticia Hukom, Kaleka Research Director.
Venticia Hukom added, "We assist farmer groups through mentoring and monitoring, both from the institutional side (farmer groups), record-keeping through farmer logbooks, and cultivation results. The method we use is the longline method; however, some farmers are interested in trying other methods, such as using floating net cages. Ultimately, the choice of method is adapted to the farmer's experience and the suitability of the cultivation location."
The establishment of the seaweed seed nursery serves as the axis of their movement, aiming to provide various varieties of seaweed broodstock for resistance testing in the waters. This nursery also conducts observations of changes in environmental conditions (temperature, salinity, and pH) and seaweed growth to determine potential production.
"We routinely collect water quality data to monitor environmental suitability parameters and seed growth weekly at the three nursery locations. Data such as temperature, pH, salinity, and observations of pests and diseases are taken at each nursery. Growth data is also collected to determine the average weekly growth," Venticia Hukom said.
The Future Hope for Papua's Marine Resources
The efforts undertaken by the Eryanak Seaweed Farmer Group, together with Kaleka, have successfully restarted seaweed cultivation. So far, approximately 300 kg of seeds have been distributed to 6 members of the farmer group, out of a total of around 220 kg of seeds. This is considered progress compared to the previous halt in seaweed cultivation.
"Yes, most of the residents of Kokas are still not fully convinced to jump back into seaweed cultivation because of previous failures. But now they can gradually start again because they are assisted with the provision of seaweed seeds and also water quality measurements," Golaf said.
To make seaweed development more attractive, the farmer group still needs assistance with facilities and infrastructure such as seaweed moorings, ropes, anchors, buoys, and fuel for boats used to reach the moorings.
"I didn't receive funding assistance before, but I was very interested in cultivating seaweed. I even used clothesline ropes for seaweed cultivation," Golaf stated.
Furthermore, Golaf added that serious handling is necessary to prevent turtles from eating seaweed without harming or killing them, as they are protected animals. The mooring location can also be moved to an area that is not along turtle migration routes and where the water quality is suitable for seaweed cultivation.
Golaf also advised that seaweed farmers require more attention because they are still not able to stand independently. The group's hope is for a developed market that can buy small-scale seaweed harvests to meet daily economic needs.
Through a restorative economic approach, the Eryanak Seaweed Farmer Group is also more optimistic about the development of seaweed cultivation in their village. The hope is that this small endeavor can be an initial step to drive the local economy of Fakfak's coastal communities in West Papua.
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